The Hump - Wikipedia. The Hump. Part of Burma Campaign. Allied lines of communication in Southeast Asia (1. The Hump airlift is shown at upper right. Belligerents United States Republic of China United Kingdom. British India Empire of Japan. Strength. 27 aircraft; 1,1. May 1. 94. 2)6. 40 aircraft; 3. July 3. 1, 1. 94. Casualties and losses. The Hump was the name given by Allied pilots in the Second World War to the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains over which they flew military transport aircraft from India to China to resupply the Chinese war effort of Chiang Kai- shek and the units of the United States Army Air Forces based in China. Creating an airlift presented the USAAF a considerable challenge in 1. China Burma India Theater (CBI) for basing the large number of transports that would be needed. Flying over the Himalayas was extremely dangerous and made more difficult by a lack of reliable charts, an absence of radio navigation aids, and a dearth of information about the weather. Because the AAF had no previous airlift experience as a basis for planning, it assigned commanders who had been key figures in founding the ATC in 1. It procured most of its officers, men, and equipment from the AAF, augmented by British, British- Indian Army, Commonwealth forces, Burmese labor gangs and an air transport section of the Chinese National Aviation Corporation (CNAC). Final operations were flown in November 1. China. The India- China airlift delivered approximately 6. China at great cost in men and aircraft during its 4. For its efforts and sacrifices, the India- China Wing of the ATC was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation on 2. January 1. 94. 4 at the personal direction of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the first such award made to a non- combat organization. Background: the China supply dilemma. The Japanese invasion of French Indochina closed all sea and rail access routes for supplying China with materiel except through Turkestan in the Soviet Union. That access ended following the signing of the Soviet. Chiang's foreign minister, T. V. Soong, estimated that 1. Check out these Chevrolet double-hump cylinder heads and you'll find out why most are the same but NOT equal! Check out the details, modifications, and tests we run on various types of heads, all here at Circle Track Magazine.India if 1. 00 C- 4. Skytrain- type transports were committed to an airlift. When the newly created Tenth Air Force opened its headquarters in New Delhi under the command of Maj. Brereton in March 1. Although never given command authority over aircraft or personnel, the officer responsible for the India- China Ferry was Brereton's chief of staff Brig. Naiden, who held that responsibility until mid- August. The original scheme envisioned the Allies holding northern Burma and using Myitkyina as an offloading terminal to send supplies by barge downriver to Bhamo and transfer to the Burma Road. However, on 8 May 1. Japanese seized Myitkyina. Learn all you wanted to know about humpback whales with pictures, videos, photos, facts, and news from National Geographic. The Hump; Part of Burma Campaign: Allied lines of communication in Southeast Asia (1942–43). The Hump airlift is shown at upper right. Non-penetrative sex or outercourse is sexual activity that usually does not include sexual penetration. It generally excludes the penetrative aspects of vaginal, anal, or oral sexual activity, but includes various forms of. For the middle phase of life, a new canon is often required, one that is equal parts funny, insightful and comforting. Actress and author Annabelle Gurwitch recommends three books up to the task. Volume 2: Design Guides Guidelines for developments of particular types, or in particular areas. Also, suggested guidelines relating to design against crime and wind. Union Pacific is the largest railroad in North America, covering 23 states across the western two-thirds of the United States. 1 Volume 4 Issue 2 Published by Lee Thevenet March/April, 2012 HORSELESS CARRIAGE REPLICANEWSLETTER A Publication dedicated to the reporting of news, events, articles, photos, items for sale, etc, having to do with replica. Download Capitol Trill's latest REMIX 'Hump Day' here: https://app.box.com/s/cpiervi73kf2s3z. To maintain the uninterrupted supply to China, U. S. Its Air Service Command was still en route by ship from the United States, forcing it to get aircraft and personnel for the India- China Ferry from any available source. Ten former Pan American World Airways. DC- 3s and flight crews were sent from the trans- Africa ferry route to outfit the new operation. Joseph Stilwell as CBI theater commander and part remaining with Tenth Air Force, which had also been ordered by Marshall to . Movement by ground transport of supplies arriving from the United States at the port of Karachi to the airfields, as well as construction of the infrastructure required to support the operation, was the responsibility of the U. S. Army's Services of Supply, commanded in the CBI by Maj. The airlift was the final leg of a journey of 1. Los Angeles to China often taking four months. On 2. 3 April 1. 94. Colonel Caleb V. Haynes, a prospective bombardment group commander, was assigned to command the Assam- Kunming branch of the India- China Ferry, dubbed the Assam- Burma- China Ferry Command. Scott, a pursuit pilot awaiting an assignment in China, was assigned as his operations officer and a month later as executive officer. Haynes was a fortuitous choice to be the airlift's first commander, as he had just completed an assignment as a key subordinate of Brig. Olds and his staff had founded the Air Corps Ferrying Command in June 1. South Atlantic air route by which aircraft, personnel, and cargo would reach India from the United States. However, at the time the India- China Ferry was conceived, Ferrying Command was not prepared to plan, control, or execute such an operation. Its formal organization was minimal, it had no units of its own, and its few aircraft were committed to establishing air transport routes. By June, however, the Ferrying Command had begun a greatly expanded wartime restructuring and would become the Air Transport Command on 1 July. The first mission . Flying from the Royal Air Force airfield at Dinjan, Lt. Old used a pair of the former Pan Am DC- 3s to ferry 8,0. U. S. The ABC Ferry Command resupplied Stilwell's retreating army and evacuated its wounded, while establishing a regular air service to China using ten borrowed DC- 3s, three USAAF C- 4. CNAC C- 5. 3s and C- 3. Dinjan was within range of Japanese fighters now based at Myitkyina, forcing all- night maintenance operations and pre- dawn takeoffs of the defenseless supply planes. The threat of interception also forced the ABC Ferry Command to fly a difficult 5. China over the Eastern Himalayan Uplift, which came to be known as the . From this level the mountain wall surrounding the valley rises quickly to 1. Flying eastward out of the valley, the pilot first topped the Patkai Range, then passed over the upper Chindwin River valley, bounded on the east by a 1. Kumon Mountains. He then crossed a series of 1. East of the Mekong the terrain became decidedly less rugged, and the elevations more moderate as one approached the Kunming airfield, itself 6,2. Unfavorable weather conditions along the route were a major contributing factor to its difficulty: The Assam- Kunming route..(was situated).. Eurasian air masses that were stirred and conflated by the presence of the Himalayas themselves. Moist warm air from the Indian Ocean to the south produced high pressure that swept north, while cold dry air from Siberia moved south. These lows and highs were extreme, producing violent winds.. Turbulence inside the cloud mass was severe; pilots reported being flipped upside down by gusts, while many others were unable to report anything because they went missing. Hail, sleet, and torrential rains lashed the aircraft. Thunderstorms built suddenly..(into).. The peaks of the Hump were waiting; the pilots called them . Let there be no question about it! Flying the Hump was risky business. The air route led first over the Himalayan foothills and finally to the mountains, between north Burma and west China, airspace where turbulence and abominable weather was the norm. Judge for yourself: one of the peaks they flew over translated into English as . India's highway and river systems were so undeveloped as to be unable to support the mission, leaving air as the only practicable way to supply China in anything resembling a timely fashion. The first crews and aircraft from the United States went to the 1st Ferrying Group. The group was activated in India in March without personnel or equipment and assigned to the operational control of the Tenth Air Force over the objections of the commander of ATC, who feared that its planes and crews would be steered into combat units, which did in fact occur at times. Aircraft continued to arrive in small increments through October with flight crews consisting of airline pilots holding Air Corps Reserve commissions who had been called up for active duty specifically for the India- China assignment, and navigators, engineers and radiomen from the AAF technical training schools. For the remainder of 1. C- 4. 7s. Scott was left in command for several days before he too was ordered to China to command the first U. S. Tate (who like Haynes was a bombardment officer) was named to replace Haynes, but he was also in charge of the Trans- India Command in Karachi and remained in that capacity. Joplin, acting at the direction of Naiden, for all practical purposes commanded India- China operations until 1. August. Tate took actual command on 2. August, when Naiden was forced to return to the United States. Effective 1. 5 July 1. The white line at the top is the Brahmaputra River. Tate was immediately and severely handicapped when the best pilots and 1. Egypt with Brereton on 2. June. Despite the use of the 1st Ferrying Group, the buildup of the airlift grew very slowly during the summer monsoon. Overuse of the small number of aircraft available, spotty maintenance, and a lack of spare parts led to numerous groundings until overhauls could be effected. In particular the lack of replacement tires and spare engines held down operations even after eight of the C- 4. Middle East returned in August. For a short period of time engines intended for P- 4. Chinese Air Force were adapted for use on C- 4. Although three bases constructed by the British on tea plantations at Chabua. Throughout the monsoon rains Dinjan remained the chief transport base. The dismal results of the India- China Ferry to this point led to a proposal in Washington to turn over control of the operation entirely to CNAC, which would place U. S. Stilwell vigorously and successfully opposed the plan. He reinforced his position by insisting that CNAC lease its C- 5. USAAF to assure that they would carry only essential cargo and not commercial activity. The airlift lost its first aircraft to accident on 2. September 1. 94. 2, presumably from icing, after which losses of transports increased sharply. When the summer monsoon ended, the Japanese were expected to try to sever the last remaining connection to China, and although 1. AF's CATF was adequate for the defense of the eastern end, little had been done to create an antiaircraft defense around the four Assam airfields.
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